SAN FRANCISCO, California (AP) -- Many of the country's most disadvantaged minority households are trapped in pockets of concentrated urban poverty, preventing them from getting the educations and jobs that would enable them to rise above the poverty line.Fresno, California, has the nation's highest concentration of residents in extremely poor neighborhoods, according to a study released Wednesday by the Brookings Institution, a Washington think tank.New Orleans, Louisiana, second on the list, had its deep racial and economic rifts exposed by Hurricane Katrina. But according to the Census-based research, the deprivation seen in that city's lower 9th Ward is closely mirrored by conditions in parts of Louisville, Kentucky; Miami, Florida; and Atlanta, Georgia, which round out the report's top five list.Poor planning over decades has concentrated public housing at the core of cities around the nation, while new developments, jobs and schools mushroomed in the suburbs, beyond the reach of low-income households, deepening the divide between the haves and have-nots, the study said."Concentrating poverty compounds the effects of just plain poverty," said Alan Berube, primary author of "Katrina's Window: Confronting Concentrated Poverty Across America."Berube's study focused on extremely disadvantaged neighborhoods where high crime and a lack of quality housing, stable job opportunities and supportive schools erode the quality of life, and limit the chances that a family might rise above the hardships imposed by their own financial straits.These are areas in which 40 percent or more of residents live below the federal poverty line. The average household earnings in these areas barely exceed $20,000, and four in 10 adults are disconnected from the labor force -- unemployed and not looking for work."We're underserved, under-respected. ... You have to leave your community to get the most basic services," said the Rev. Paul Binion II of Fresno's Westside Church of God.One result of high-density poverty is its tendency to ensnare the next generation, the study suggests. In these communities, where an average of one in 12 adults have college degrees, children lack the money, role models and academic footing that would help them get into college themselves."It's access," said Tate Hill, business development coordinator for the Fresno West Coalition for Economic Development. "It's not that people who live in impoverished areas don't want to work or don't want better lives or don't want their children to go to good schools -- they just can't access it."Atlanta is one of the cities where a concerted effort has been made to dissolve pockets of poverty.The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development tore down some of the city's worst projects and replaced them with mixed-income neighborhoods in the 1990s.But the successful program, created under the first Bush administration and supported by President Clinton, has been hurt by the current president's budget cuts, Berube said."For a significant number of families in distressed inner-city neighborhoods, the first step has to be removing the barriers associated with their living environment," Berube said.Copyright 2005 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.